Sorry...no Notes exist yet for this entry... [ Add Note(s) ]
Tutorial:
Outline
Other uses of the te-form
The te-form is incredibly useful as it is used widely in many different types of grammatical expressions.
We will learn about enduring states with the 「~ている」 and 「~てある」 form.
Even though we have learned various conjugations for verbs, they have all been one-time actions. We will now go over how one would say, for example,
"I am running." We will also learn how to perform an action for the future using the 「~ておく」 expression and to express directions of actions using
「~ていく」 and 「~てくる」.
Using 「~ている」 for enduring states
We already know how to express a state of being using 「です」, 「だ」, etc. However, it only indicates a one-time thing; you are something or not.
This grammar, however, describes a continuing state of an action verb.
This usually translates to the gerund in English except for a few exceptions, which we will examine later. We can make good use of the te-form
we learned in the last section because the only thing to do left to do is add 「いる」!
You can then treat the result as a regular ru-verb.
verb section. However, in this case, you don't have to worry about whether the subject is animate or inanimate.
Using 「~ている」 for enduring states
To describe a continuing action, first conjugate the verb to the te-form and then attach the verb 「いる」. The entire result conjugates as a ru-verb.
例） 食べる → 食べて → 食べている
例） 読む → 読んで → 読んでいる
The result conjugates as a ru-verb regardless of what the original verb is
Positive
Negative
Non-Past
読んでいる
reading
読んでいない
is not reading
Past
読んでいた
was reading
読んでいなかった
was not reading
Examples
（１） 友達は何をしているの？- What is friend doing?
（２） 昼ご飯を食べている。- (Friend) is eating lunch.
Note that once you've changed it into a regular ru-verb, you can do all the normal conjugations. The examples show the masu-form and plain
negative conjugations.
（１） 何を読んでいる？- What are you reading?
（２） 教科書を読んでいます。- I am reading textbook.
（１） 話を聞いていますか。- Are you listening to me? (lit: Are you listening to story?)
（２） ううん、聞いていない。- No, I'm not listening.
Since people are usually too lazy to roll their tongues
to properly pronounce the 「い」, in more casual situations, the 「い」 is simply dropped. This is a convenience for speaking. If you were
writing an essay or paper, you should always include the 「い」. Here are the abbreviated versions of the previous examples.
（１） 友達は何をしてるの？- What is friend doing?
（２） 昼ご飯を食べてる。- (Friend) is eating lunch.
（１） 何を読んでる？- What are you reading?
（２） 教科書を読んでいます。- I am reading textbook.
（１） 話を聞いていますか。- Are you listening to me? (lit: Are you listening to story?)
（２） ううん、聞いてない。- No, I'm not listening.
Notice how I left the 「い」 alone for the polite forms. Though people certainly omit the 「い」 even in polite form, you might want to get used to
the proper way of saying things first before getting carried away with casual abbreviations.
You will be amazed at the extensive types of abbreviations that exist in casual speech. (You may also be amazed at
how long everything gets in super polite speech.) Basically, you will get the abbreviations if you just act lazy and slur everything together.
Particles also get punted off left and right.
For example:
（１） 何をしているの？(Those particles are such a pain to say all the time...)
（２） 何しているの？ (Ugh, I hate having to spell out all the vowels.)
（３） 何してんの？ (Ah, perfect.)
Enduring state of being rather than enduring state of action
There are certain cases where an enduring state doesn't translate into the gerund form.
In fact, there is a ambiguity in whether one is in a state of doing an action versus
being in a state that resulted from some action. This is usually decided by context and common practices. For example, although
「結婚している」 can technically mean
someone is in a chapel currently getting married, it is usually used to refer to someone who is already married and is currently in that married state. We'll now
discuss some common verbs that often cause this type of confusion for learners of Japanese.
「知る」 「知る」 means "to know". English is weird in that "know" is supposed to be a verb but is actually describing a state of having knowledge.
Japanese is more consistent and 「知る」 is just a regular action verb. In other words, I "knowed" (action) something and so now I know it (state).
That's why the English word "to know" is really a continuing state in Japanese, namely: 「知っている」.
「知る」 vs 「分かる」 「分かる」 meaning "to understand" may seem similar to 「知る」 in some cases. However, there is a difference between "knowing" and "understanding".
Try not to confuse 「知っている」 with
「分かっている」. 「分かっている」 means that you are already in a state of understanding, in other words, you already get it. If you misuse this, you
may sound pompous. ("Yeah, yeah, I got it already.") On the other hand, 「知っている」 simply means you know something.
Examples
（１） 今日、知りました。- I found out about it today. (I did the action of knowing today.)
（２） この歌を知っていますか？- Do (you) know this song?
（３） 道は分かりますか。 -Do you know the way? (lit: Do (you) understand the road?)
（４） はい、はい、分かった、分かった。 - Yes, yes, I got it, I got it.
Motion Verbs (行く、来る、etc.) It is reasonable to assume the actions 「行っている」 and 「来ている」 would mean, "going" and "coming" respectively. But unfortunately, this is
not the case. The 「~ている」 form of motion verbs is more like a sequence of actions we saw in the last section. You completed the motion, and now
you exist in that state. (Remember, 「いる」 is the verb of existence of animate objects.) It might help to think of it as two separate and successive actions: 「行って」、and then 「いる」.
Examples
（１） 鈴木さんはどこですか。 -Where is Suzuki-san?
（２） もう、家に帰っている。- He is already at home (went home and is there now).
（３） 先に行っているよ。- I'll go on ahead. (I'll go and be there before you.)
（４） 美恵ちゃんは、もう来ているよ。- Mie-chan is already here, you know. (She came and is here.)
Using 「~てある」 for resultant states
Appropriately enough, just like there is an 「ある」 to go with 「いる」, there is a 「~てある」 form that also has a special meaning. By replacing 「いる」 with
「ある」, instead of a continuing action, it becomes a resultant state after the action has already taken place. Usually, this expression is used to
explain that something is in a state of completion. The completed action also carries a nuance of being completed in preparation for something else.
Examples
Since this grammar describes the state of a completed action, it is common to see the 「は」 and 「も」 particles instead of the 「を」 particle.
（１） 準備はどうですか。- How are the preparations?
（２） 準備は、もうしてあるよ。 - The preparations are already done.
（１） 旅行の計画は終った？- Are the plans for the trip complete?
（２） うん、切符を買ったし、ホテルの予約もしてある。-
Uh huh, not only did I buy the ticket, I also took care of the hotel reservations.
Using the 「~ておく」 form as preparation for the future
While 「~てある」 carries a nuance of a completed action in preparation for something else, 「~ておく」 explicitly states that the action is
done (or will be done) with the future in mind. Imagine this: you have made a delicious pie and you're going to place it on the window sill for it to cool so that you
can eat it later. This image might help explain why the verb 「おく」 （置く）, meaning "to place", can be used to describe a preparation for the future. (It's just
too bad that pies on window sills always seem to go through some kind of mishap especially in cartoons.)
While 「置く」 by itself is written in kanji, it is customary to use hiragana when it comes attached to a conjugated verb (such as the te-form).
Examples
（１） 晩ご飯を作っておく。- Make dinner (in advance for the future).
（２） 電池を買っておきます。- I'll buy batteries (in advance for the future).
Because the close 't' sounds in 「ておく」 makes it difficult to pronounce, it is very often abbreviated to simply 「~とく」.
（１） 晩ご飯を作っとく。- Make dinner (in advance for the future).
（２） 電池を買っときます。- I'll buy batteries (in advance for the future).
Using motion verbs （行く、来る） with the te-form
You can also use the motion verb "to go" （行く）and "to come" with the te-form, to show that an action is oriented toward or from someplace. The most common
and useful example of this the verb 「持つ」 (to hold). While 「持っている」 means you are in a state of holding something (in possession of), when the 「いる」 is
replaced with 「いく」 or 「くる」, it means you are taking or bringing something. Of course, the conjugation is the same as the regular 「行く」 and 「来る」.
Examples
（１） 鉛筆を持っている？- Do (you) have a pencil?
（２） 鉛筆を学校へ持っていく？- Are (you) taking pencil to school?
（３） 鉛筆を家に持ってくる？- Are (you) bringing pencil to home?
For these examples, it may make more sense to think of them as a sequence of actions: hold and go, or hold and come. Here are a couple more
examples.
（１） お父さんは、早く帰ってきました。- Father came back home early.
（２） 駅の方へ走っていった。- Ran toward the direction of station.
The motion verbs can also be used in time expressions to move forward or come up to the present.
（１） 冬に入って、コートを着ている人が増えていきます。
- Entering winter, people wearing coat will increase (toward the future).
（２） 一生懸命、頑張っていく！
- Will try my hardest (toward the future) with all my might!
（３） 色々な人と付き合ってきたけど、いい人はまだ見つからない。
- Went out (up to the present) with various types of people but have yet to find a good person.
（４） 日本語をずっと前から勉強してきて、結局はやめた。
- Studied Japanese from way back before and eventually quit.
Add Entry to Your Study List Choose the priority of studying you want to assign to this item from the drop-down select list
and then hit the save button. This will be used for sorting your personal study list.
If you wish to delete an entry that's already in your list, just set the difficulty to '0'
Not Logged In -- 
